Summary of Syntactic Structures for Writing/Speaking Output ? 5th course, 2011-12
Something has happened many times/for a long time so far this week/month/year/decade but/yet,/,however,/and nevertheless,/because nobody has done anything about it.
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?.............................................................................................Present perfect simple in coordinate/subordinate sentence
Something has been happening since... They have been going out with each other since Christmas.
?............................................................................................................................. Present perfect continuous
Something had happened by the time/when something else happened.
The robber had run away by the time/when the police arrived. Past perfect simple
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By the time/when he was twenty-seven, he had already been married twice. Past perfect continuous
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When we were young we would cut class/ used to cut class and play together in the arcade.
Used to / would
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In a few months' time/Before long/This time next year/ By December we'll be travelling around.
Future continuous
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The prisoners should be allowed to make a phone call to their solicitors. Modal passive
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Negotiation are believed/rumored/said/thought to be coming to a conclusion. Passives in reporting news
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Many breakthroughs in the fight agains cancer have been made over the past few years.
?........................................................................................................................... Present perfect passive
The boy had his locker broken into and his camera stolen. Have/get something done
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The unions admitted/mentioned/protested/complained/realised/ explained/ suggested that...
?............................................................................................................................................... V+ that
The unions told/advised/warned/reminded/ persuaded employers that ? V+ Ojbect + that
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What did you expect/want to find when you opened the box?
He agreed/wanted/promised/deserved/hoped/managed/refused/threatened to win the race.
?....................................................................................................................................... V. + to infinitive
We should ask/tell/advise/warn/permit/allow/persuade/teach/forbid/force them to buy our products.
?................................................................................................................................... V+ Object + to inf.
But customers might detest/enjoy/fancy/admit/consider/suggest buying them. V + ing form
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Government officers apologized for/ insisted on/ spoke of/ boasted about/ congratulated on ?
?......................................................................................................................................... V+ prep. + ing
Government officers praised/blamed the banking system for causing the crisis V + Object + prep + ing
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Not knowing where he was, he stopped and checked the map. Negative present participle clause
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On hearing the news, they started to celebrate. prep + Present participle clause
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The writer, smiling to the audience, accepted the award. present participle clause
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Practiced regularly, speaking skills will improve for sure. Past participle clause
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If I love you, I'll suffer, but if I don't, I will anyway. First conditional
If/In case/Providing/Provided/As long as I loved you, I'd suffer. Second conditional
If I had loved you, I would have suffered ? I wouln't have suffered unless I had loved you. Third cond.
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If your parents hadn't met, you wouldn't be here. Mixed conditional
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Had we done something before, we wouldn't be lamenting Inversion and mixed conditional
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If only/I wish we could go back in time until before the recession. I wish/If only
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Driving in a Mercedes is a great deal/a lot/far/much/a little/a bit/slightly more confortable than riding a scooter. Comparison
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Strawberries with cream, we never had enough of for deserts. Fronting
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It was strawberries with cream (that) we never had enough of for deserts. Cleft sentence
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What we never had enough of for deserts was strawberries with cream. Cleft sentence
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Never/Never before/Rarely/Hardly/Little/Scarcely had they prepared for the audition and they already wanted a part in the movie. Inversion
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The boss agreed/arranged/ asked/ begged/ conceded/ demanded/ determined/ ensured/ insisted/ recommended/ requested/required/ stipulated/ suggested that she (not) be at the meeting.
Sujunctive aff. and neg.
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It is best/ crucial/ desirable/ essential/ imperative/ important/ recommended/ urgen t/ vital/ a good idea/ a bad idea that she (not) be admitted to/ participating in the organization.
Sujunctive continuous and passive aff. and neg..
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The class can meet either on Friday or on Thursday. Either
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She neither eat meat nor drinks coffee. Neither
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Neither I nor my family feel that an interview is appropriate at this time. Neither
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